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Professor Alexandra Aikhenvald

MA PhD DLitt
Professorial Research Fellow
Office of Indigenous Engagement
Centre for Indigenous Health Equity Research
About Me

I am a linguist, and an Australian Laureate Fellow, with specialization in gender, information source and epistemology, focusing on numerous languages of New Guinea and Amazonia in the first place.My major focus is on the endangered Arawak languages of South America and the Ndu languages of New Guinea.

My general areas of expertise include (a) language documentation, linguistic typology and universals of languages, (b) historical and comparative linguistics, with special focus on language contact and areal linguistics, (c) multilingualism and sociolinguistics, (d) endangered languages and typology of language obsolescence, and (e) interactions of language and culture, and linguistic anthropology. I am a major expert in gender (including linguistic and social gender) and noun categorization devices of various kinds, especially classifiers - numeral, possessive, verbal, and other types. My further major area of expertise covers evidentiality (grammatical expression of informaiton source) and the expression of informaiton source in general across the languages of the world, in addition to related categories, including mirativity and expectation of knowledge, access and attitude to knwoledge (covering modalities of various types). I am a major expert in commands and directives, especially imperatives and prohibities as their negative counterpart, and their interaction with societal structures and hierarchies. My further expertise lies in the investigation of possession and ownership across the world, with special focus on correlations between these and societal hierarchies and relationships. Further areas include serial verb constructions as a means of packaging information, verb compounding, the structures of phonological and grammatical word, clitics, comparative constructions, clause chaining, number systems, valency-changing derivations, deictic categories, and the typology of word formation and derivational processes, discourse and grammar, and lexicography and semantics in general. My expertise in each individual grammatical issue covers its realization, semantics, cognitive motivations, and historical development, including contact-induced change, addressing diversities and communalities in languages across the world, and offering cultural, cognitive, historical and areal explanations. My further areas of expertise lie in grammar writing and its methodology, fieldwork techniques and methodological issues, and compiling dictionaries. I am an expert in linguistic aspects and issues of health communication with particular focus on outbreaks (including COVID-19) and its impact on language.
My specific fields of expertise cover Amazonian and South American languages in general, with special focus on Arawak languages (the largest family in South America), especially those from northwest Amazonia. I am also expert in Papuan languages of New Guinea, especially those of the Sepik region and the Ndu family (including Manambu, Yalaku, and Iatmul), with additional expertise on Oceanic and other Austronesian languages. My expertise in the Amazonian and Papuan domains involves grammatical analysis and dictionary creation, historical and comparative analysis and investigation of contact-induced change for each group, based on intensive fieldwork and archival work. For each of these, my expertise includes in-depth familiarity with the relevant social and cultural practices and ethnographic issues, the history of studies for each of the groups, and their cultural contexts with other groups. I am closely familiar with a number of Indo-European, Semitic, and Finno-Ugric languages. My further areas of expertise lie in comparative Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic languages and cultures, and specific issues in the languages I know, including Portuguese, French, German, Russian, Estonian, Yiddish, and Hebrew across its history.
Based on my extensive fieldwork experience on several continents, my special expertise lies is in closely working with small communities in Amazonia and PNG and expatriate and immigrant communities, producing materials including story books, primers, and teaching-oriented grammars and thesauruses, managing large corpora of data (also in web-based form), and in social and cultural anthropology and gender studies.

I am committed to language maintenance and the reclamation of First Nations' languages all over the world, and to social justice.

My h-index is 52.

General
Background

When Professor Sasha Aikhenvald was working in the East Sepik province of New Guinea she was fascinated to discover that the asset most prized by the people of the province was their name. In East Sepik, her name was important and valuable, but when she wanted to enrol in the classics department of Moscow State University in the old Soviet Union, her Jewish surname made her unacceptable.

Instead she chose linguistics for its mathematical rhythms, crossword puzzle complexities and cultural idiosyncrasies. The decision was the catalyst for a prolific body of research that included Berber languages of North Africa and Hebrew but focused on tropical languages, predominantly those of Amazonia, the Papuan languages of New Guinea and Aboriginal Australia.

Her research interests include-

  • The relationship between language and culture, and the ways in which language reflects cultural stereotypes
  • Languages and cultures of Papua New Guinea, with a special focus on the Manambu language and the Ndu language family, from the East Sepik Province
  • Language and cultures of Lowland Amazonia, focussing on languages from Arawak family, the largest family spanning South and Central America, in particular Tariana, Bare, (Warekena of Xie and Baniwa of Icana)
  • The way languages influence each other in language contact, with a particular focus on language contact in Amazonia, and in the Sepik River Basin
  • Analysis of categories of human languages, including classifiers and genders, the ways in which languages express information source, serial verbs, and many more

Universities Studied At

Educated at

Department of Structural and Applied Linguistics, Philological Faculty, Moscow State University: BA in Linguistics 1978; MA in Linguistics 1979 (thesis topic: 'Relative Clause in Anatolian Languages')

Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow: PhD in Linguistics, 1984 (thesis topic 'Structural and Typological Classification of Berber Languages')

La Trobe University, 2006: Doctor of Letters by examination of four books and 14 papers.

Universities Worked At

Research Fellow, Department of Linguistics, Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, January 1980 - September 1988

Senior Research Fellow, ibidem, September 1988 - July 1989

Visiting Professor, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil, August 1989 - December 1991

Associate Professor, ibidem, December 1991 - December 1992

Full Professor with tenure, ibidem, December 1992 - February 1994

Visiting Professor, State University of Campinas, Brazil, April 1992 - June 1992

Visiting Professor, University of São Paulo, Brazil, July 1992 - December 1992

Visiting Fellow, Australian National University, January - February 1993

ARC Senior Research Fellow (with rank of Professor), Australian National University, February 1994 - 1999, Second Term: February 1999 - 2004

Professor of Linguistics, Research Centre for Linguistic Typology, La Trobe University, from 2004 - 2008

Associate Director of the Research Centre for Linguistic Typology, Australian National University, 1996-1999

Associate Director of the Research Centre for Linguistic Typology, La Trobe University, 2000-2008

Professor and Research Leader (People and Societies of the Tropics), Cairns Institute, James Cook University, 2009-2021

• Foundation Director of the Language and Culture Research Centre, James Cook University, 2011-2021

Distinguished Professor at JCU, 2010 - 2021

Awards

Arawads (a selection)

First prize in national competition for publications on Oriental languages, Moscow, Russia, Institute of Oriental Studies, 1988

First prize in national competition for publications in Oriental languages, Moscow, Russia, Institute of Oriental Studies, 1990

Travel Award of the SSILA (The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas), 1991

Centenary Medal, for service to Australian society and the humanities in linguistics and philology, 2003

Alexander von Humboldt Research Award, 2010 (University of Cologne)

Australian Laureate Fellowship, ARC, 2012

Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities (elected 1999)

Member of Linguistic Society of America, since 2001; elected Honorary Member 2008 (the number of Honorary Members is limited to 40 by the LSA constitution; they are spread over 25 countries)

Fellow of the Queensland Academy of Arts and Sciences, elected 2015.

Member of the Academia Europaea, elected 2021.

Media Citations

A recent selection-

https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/i-saw-a-dog-an-ode-to-languages-and-the-intricacies-of-communication-1.4522211

I Saw a Dog: An ode to languages and the intricacies of communication. Book review: Alexandra Aikhenvald’s breadth of linguistic knowledge fills this study with fascinating nuggets of information
www.irishtimes.com

https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/latenightlive/alexandra-aikhenvald:-one-womans-quest-to-preserve-endangered/13355840

Alexandra Aikhenvald has devoted a lifetime of fieldwork to documenting minority languages, travelling from the swamplands of Papua New Guinea to a remote village in Brazilian Amazonia. She tells ...
www.abc.net.au

Also available at https://abcmedia.akamaized.net/rn/podcast/2021/05/lnl_20210525_2240.mp3

Previous teaching

COURSES ON:

Introduction to Linguistics;

Morphology; Syntactic theory; Semantics;

Historical and comparative linguistics;

Applied linguistics;

Linguistic typology;

Field methods;

Amazonian languages;

Hebrew grammar;

Russian grammar and translation;

Language and society;

Areal linguistics and language contact.

I have supervised over 30 students (Honours BA, MA and PhD) in Brazil, Australia, and the USA, and examined over 20 theses in Australia, USA, Brazil and Estonia.

Professional Experience

Field Work

Work on Berber languages: Tashelhit, Kabyle and Tamachek, 1981-1988

The Upper Rio Negro area (São Gabriel da Cachoeira, São Joaquim, Iauaretê, Santa Rosa, Periquitos, North West Amazonia, Brazil: Baniwa, Warekena, Bare, Tariana (Arawak family); Tucano and Piratapuya (East-Tucano family) — July-August 1991; January

1994, December 1996 - February 1997, June-July 1999, May-June 2000, etc

South Amazonia, Brazil: Paumari (Arawá family): July 1992

Manambu, Avatip, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea (Ndu family, New Guinea, Papuan): 1995, 1997 - 2004; on Gala (Ngala), Swagup (Ndu): 2004-present, Yalaku (Ndu): 2013 - present.

Community work

Devising orthrography, and supervising the Tariana teaching program at the Escola Tariana (Irine) and the College of São Miguel in Iauaretê (Amazonas, Brazil).

Organizing and coordinating workshops on Tariana language and culture (Iauaretê, Amazonas, Brazil), partly financed by Instituto Socioambiental (Brasília), working with the Irine Community school

Providing consultancy and teaching materials for the Tariana revitalization program in the Iauaretê region of Amazonas, Brazil.

Devising teaching materials on the Manambu language in cooperation with the Avatip Primary school (Avatip, Ambunti region, ESP); and with the Manambu Association in Port Moresby.

Devising teaching materials on the Yalaku language in cooperation with the Elementary school (Yalaku village, Ambunti region, ESP), under the leadership of Joel Ukaia, the Ward Councillor.

Competitive grants awarded since 2001:

ARC Linkage Grant 'Speaking Hmong in diaspora: language contact, resilience, and change' (Nerida Jarkey as CI2 and R. M. W. Dixon as CI3), 2020-24.

ARC Discovery grant 'The integration of language and society' (R.M.W. Dixon as CI2, Nerida Jarkey as CI3, Anne Storch and Maarten Mous as PIs), 2017-21

DAAD and Universities Australia collaborative grant 'Creativity in language' jointly with Prof Dr Anne Storch (University of Cologne), 2016-17

ARC Discovery grant 'How languages differ and why' (R.M.W. Dixon as CI2, W.F.H. Adelaar and Lourens de Vries as PIs), 2013-2016

Australian Laureate Fellowship 'How gender shapes the world: a linguistic perspective', 2012-17.

ARC Linkage Grant, 'Land, language and heritage' (with R M W Dixon as First-named CI), 2001-14

ARC Discovery grant 'The grammar of knowledge' (with R M W Dixon as Second-named CI, Prof. Dr. Anne Storch and Prof. Dr. Gerrit Dimmendaal as PIs), 2011-13

ICA Award for International Workshop 'Possession and Ownership', $15,000, 2010

ARC Discovery grant 'The world through the prism of language: a cross-linguistic view of genders, noun classes, and classifiers' (with R M W Dixon as Second CI), 2008-11, $505,000

ARC Linkage Grant, 'Speaking Greek in diaspora: language contact, survival, and maintenance' (with R M W Dixon as Second CI, A M Tamis, Peter Trudgill and Michael J. Osborne), 2007-11, $487,000

(Aikhenvald (CI1), Dixon (CI2) and Matras (OI)) 2007. $83,931

ARC International Linkage Fellowship 'Mechanisms of grammatical borrowings'

ARC Discovery Grant (Dixon and Aikhenvald) 'Are some languages better than others?'. $380,000 over 2007-10

ARC Discovery Grant (Aikhenvald & Dixon) 'Grammars in contact', $207,000 over 2005-7

2004/5/6.

ARC Discovery Grant (Dixon & Aikhenvald) 'Basic linguistic theory', $100,000 for each of

ARC Large Grant 'Basic linguistic theory', $87,000 for 2001, $83,000 for 2002; $82,650 for 2003

ARC Large Grant 'Language Contact and the Typology of Borrowing: the case of Amazonia', $145,200 over 2001-3

Wenner Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, Individual grant, 'Arawak languages: reconstruction and culture history', 2003-2005; US$24,500 (AU$43,306) • ARC IREX Fellowship for Prof. Dr. F. Serzisko, 'Typology of Tense and Time', 2000; $61,133

Australian Academy of the Humanities Grant, 2001, 'Collaboration with the countries of the ex-USSR', to sponsor the visit of Prof. Ago Künnap, Tartu University, Estonia, $3,500

Wenner Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, Small grant 'Multilingualism in Amazonia', (1999-2001); US$18,000 (AU$27,302)


Professional Memberships

Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities (elected 1999)

Member of Linguistic Society of America, since 2001; elected Honorary Member 2008 (the number of Honorary Members is limited to 40 by the LSA constitution; they are spread over 25 countries)

Fellow of the Queensland Academy of Arts and Sciences, elected 2015.

Member of the Academia Europaea, elected 2021

Member of Societas Linguistica Europea, since 1990

Member of The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, since 1990

Member of the Linguistic Association of Brazil (ABRALIN), since 1992

Member of the Australian Linguistic Society, since 1994

Member of the Association for Linguistic Typology, since 1995

Member of Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea, since 1997

Member of the American Anthropological Association (AAA), since 2007

Member of SALSA (Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America), since 2007

Responsibilities

- teaching

- research

- supervision

Professional Interests

 Language description

Language documentation and reclamation

Correlations between language and society

Communication and well-being

Indigenous languages of the tropics (especially Amazonia and PNG)

Key Achievements

Major publications (monographs), in addition to 59 papers in scholarly refereed journals and 124 book chapters in scholarly refereed outlets

1. 1986 Strukturno-tipologichskaja klassifikacija berberskih jazykov. Material i metodika issledovania. Imja. Mestoimenie. (A Structural and Typological Classification of Berber. Materials and methodology of the study. Nouns. Pronouns). Publication 7 of the Department of Languages of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, Nauka, 57 pp. (in Russian).

2. 1987 Strukturno-tipologichskaja klassificacija berberskih jazykov. Glagol.(A Structural and Typological Classification of Berber Languages. Verbs). ibid., 8, 60 pp. (in Russian).

3. 1987 Strukturno-tipologichskaja klassificacija berberskih jazykov. Sintaksis. Kratkaja istoria klassifikacij berberskih jazykov. Resuljtaty strukturno-tipologicheskoj klassifikacii berberskih jazykov. (A Structural and Typological Classification of Berber Languages. Syntax. A short history of classifications of Berber languages. The results of a structural and typological classification of Berber languages.) ibid., 9, 58 pp. (in Russian).

4. 1990 Sovremennyj Ivrit. (Modern Hebrew.) Serija: Jazyki narodov Azii i Afriki (Series: Languages of the peoples of Asia and Africa). Moscow: Nauka. 150 pp. (in Russian).

5. 1995 Bare. Languages of the World/ Materials 100 Lincom Europa. Munich, 57 pp.

6. 1999 Tariana Texts and Cultural Context. Lincom Europa Languages of the World/Materials 007. Munich, 149 pp.

7. 2000. Manual da língua tariana (100 pp.). Histórias tariana ((360 pp). Textbook and text collection for the Tariana-speaking community of Middle Rio Negro. Mimeographed.

8. 2000 Classifiers. A Typology of Noun Categorization Devices Oxford University Press: Oxford, xvii, 535 pp. Paperback edition 2003.

9. 2002 Dicionário Tariana-Português e Português-Tariana. Museu Goeldi: Belém, 435 pp. (Boletim do museu Goeldi 17: 1, Julho 2001, copyright 2002).

10. 2002. Language Contact in Amazonia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. xxv, 363 pp. (paperback with revisions 2010).

11. 2003. A grammar of Tariana, from northwest Amazonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. xxiv, 705 pp. Paperback reissue 2006.

12. 2004. Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.xxvii, 452 pp. Paperback edition 2006.

13. 2008. The Manambu language, from East Sepik, Papua New Guinea. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 702+xxxv. Paperback 2010.

14. 2010. Imperatives and commands. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Paperback revision 2012.

15. 2011. A. Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon. Language at large. Essays in syntax and semantics. Leiden: Brill.

16. 2012. The languages of the Amazon. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

17. 2015. The art of grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

18. 2016. How gender shapes the world. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pb. 2019.

19. 2018. Serial verbs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, paperback 2021.

20. 2021. I saw the dog. How language works. London: Profile books.

21. Forthcoming. A guide to gender and classifiers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

22. Forthcoming. Alexandra Aikhenvald, Ana Deumert, Andrea Hollington, and Anne Storch. The theory and practice of linguistic fieldwork. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

23. Forthcoming. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew, Russian University of the Humanities, Moscow (in Russian, ISBN 5-7281-0322-7), c. 400 pp.

24. 2021. The web of knowledge. Evidentiality at the cross-roads. Series ‘Brill Research perspectives in linguistics’. Leiden: Brill.

25. Forthcoming. Serial verb constructions in Amazonian languages. Munich: Lincom Europa.

Industry Reports

n/a

Editor

Edited Books

1. 1984. The Third All-Union School of Young Orientalists. Linguistics. Moscow: Oriental Literature, Nauka. 210pp.

2. 1988. Materials for the Conference of Postgraduates and Young Researchers. Linguistics. Moscow: Oriental Literature, Nauka. 220pp.

3. 1985. (with D.D. Vasiljev, S.V. Volkov and V.I. Braginskij) 1985. Materials for the Conference of Postgraduates and Young Researchers. History. Literature. Linguistics. Moscow: Oriental Literature, Nauka. 180pp.

4. 1987. (with S.V. Volkov) Materials for the Conference of Postgraduates and Young Researchers. Literature. Linguistics. Moscow: Oriental Literature, Nauka. 230pp.

5. 1989. (with S.A. Krylov and L.I. Kulikov). The Fifth All-Union School of Young Orientalists. Vol. II. Linguistics. Moscow: Oriental Literature, Nauka. 219 pp.

6. 1999. R.M.W. Dixon and A. Y. Aikhenvald eds. The Amazonian Languages. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. xxviii, 446 pp. Paperback edition 2006.

7. 2000. R.M.W. Dixon and A.Y. Aikhenvald eds. Changing Valency: Case Studies in Transitivity. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. xvi, 413 pp.

8. 2001. A. Y. Aikhenvald, R.M.W. Dixon and M. Onishi eds. Non-canonically marked subjects and objects. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. xi, 362 pp.

9. 2001. A. Y. Aikhenvald and R.M.W. Dixon eds. Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance: problems in comparative linguistics. Oxford University Press: Oxford. xvi, 453 pp. Paperback edition 2006.

10. 2002. R.M.W. Dixon and A.Y. Aikhenvald eds. Word: a cross-linguistic typology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. xiii, 290 pp. Paperback edition 2007.

11. 2003. A. Y. Aikhenvald and R.M.W. Dixon eds. Studies in evidentiality. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. xiv, 347 pp.

12. 2004. Nominal classification, Special issue of Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 57 2/3. 329 pp.

13. 2007. A. Y. Aikhenvald, ed. Linguistic fieldwork, Special issue of Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung (Language typology and universals), volume 60, Issue 1.96 pp.

14. 2004. R.M.W. Dixon and A. Y. Aikhenvald eds. Adjectives: a cross-linguistic typology. (Explorations in linguistic typology, vol. 1). Oxford: Oxford University Press. xxii, 370 pp. Paperback edition 2006.

15. 2005. A. Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon eds. Serial verb constructions: a crosslinguistic typology. (Explorations in linguistic typology, vol. 2). Oxford: Oxford University Press. xxiv, 369 pp. Paperback edition 2006.

16. 2006. R. M. W. Dixon and A. Y. Aikhenvald eds. Complementation: a cross-linguistic typology. (Explorations in linguistic typology, vol. 3). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Paperback edition 2008.

17. 2006. A. Y. Aikhenvald and R.M.W. Dixon eds. Grammars in contact: a cross-linguistic typology. Explorations in linguistic typology, vol. 4). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Paperback edition 2008.

18. 2007. Special Guest Editor of Evidentiality, a special issue of Linguistics of Tibeto-Burman Area 30.2.

19. 2009. R. M. W. Dixon and A. Y. Aikhenvald eds. Semantics of clause linking: a crosslinguistic typology. (Explorations in linguistic typology, vol. 5). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

20. 2011. A. Y. Aikhenvald and Pieter Muysken. eds. Multiverb constructions: a view from the Americas. Leiden: Brill.

21. 2012. A. Y. Aikhenvald and R.M.W. Dixon eds. Possession and ownership, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

22. 2013. A. Y. Aikhenvald and Anne Storch. Perception and cognition in language and culture. Leiden: Brill.

23. 2014. A. Y. Aikhenvald and R.M.W. Dixon eds. The grammar of knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

24. 2017. The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Typology, edited by A. Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

25. 2017.A. Y. Aikhenvald and R.M.W. Dixon eds. Commands: a cross-linguistic typology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

26. 2018. The Oxford Handbook of evidentiality, edited by A. Y. Aikhenvald. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

27. 2019. Anne Storch, Andrea Hollington, Nico Nassenstein and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (eds). Creativity in language: secret codes and special styles. A special issue of the International Journal of Language and Culture 6.1.

28. 2019. A. Y. Aikhenvald and Elena Mihas eds. Genders and classifiers: a cross-linguistic study. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

29. 2019. A. Y. Aikhenvald and Anne Storch eds. Taboo in language and discourse. Special issue of Mouth 4.

30. 2020. Phonological and grammatical word: a cross-linguistic typology, edited by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, R. M. W. Dixon, and Nathan M. White. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

31. Forthcoming. 2021. The integration of language and society: a cross-linguistic typology, edited by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, R. M. W. Dixon, and Nerida Jarkey. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

32. 2021. Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and Péter Maitz. Contact languages and blended grammars. Special issue of Italian Journal of Linguistics 33: 2.

33. Forthcoming. Clause chaining in the world’s languages, edited by Hannah Sarvasy and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Consultancy Work

• Consultant with Oxford English Dictionary on South American languages

Consultant for the Tariana revitalization program in the Iauaretê region of Amazonas, Brazil, and the community schools

International Consultant for the Summer Institute of Linguistics

• Consultoria lingüística à Associação Pró-Amazônia;

Recent Research Projects
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Research Supervision
Accreditation

I am currently accredited for supervision in the following:

  • 4513 Pacific Peoples culture, language and history
  • 4702 Cultural Studies
  • 4704 Linguistics
  • 4405 Gender studies
  • 4501 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture, language and history
  • 4799 Other language, communication and culture

Current Capacity
I am currently available to supervise more research candidates
No Supervisions to display.
Research Interests
Indigenous Studies

Pacific Peoples culture, language and history - Pacific Peoples linguistics and languages

Language, Communication And Culture

Other language, communication and culture - Other language, communication and culture not elsewhere classified

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